Overview

Heart failure (HF), also known as chronic heart failure (CHF), is when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body's needs.

Symptoms

Signs and symptoms of heart failure commonly include shortness of breath, excessive tiredness, and leg swelling. The shortness of breath is usually worse with exercise, while lying down, and may wake the person at night. A limited ability to exercise is also a common feature.

Causes

Common causes of heart failure include coronary artery disease including a previous myocardial infarction (heart attack), high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease, excess alcohol use, infection, and cardiomyopathy of an unknown cause. These cause heart failure by changing either the structure or the functioning of the heart.

Diagnosis

The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence recommends measuring brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) a blood test, followed by ultrasound of the heart if BNP found positive. This is recommended in those with shortness of breath. In those with heart failure which worsen both a BNP and a troponin are recommended to help determine likely outcomes. Apart from Ultra sound and blood test there are few more ways to diagnose the heart failure. Chest X-rays are frequently used to aid in the diagnosis of CHF. In a person who is compensated, this may show cardiomegaly (visible enlargement of the heart). An electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG) may be used to identify arrhythmias, ischemic heart disease, right and left ventricular hypertrophy (enlargement of chamber). There are various algorithms for the diagnosis of heart failure. For example, the algorithm used by the Framingham Heart Study adds together criteria mainly from physical examination. In contrast, the more extensive algorithm by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) weights the difference between supporting and opposing parameters from the medical history, physical examination, further medical tests as well as response to therapy.

Prevention

A person's risk of developing heart failure is inversely related to their level of physical activity. Those who achieved at least 500 MET-minutes / week (the recommended minimum by U.S. guidelines) had lower heart failure risk than individuals who did not report exercising during their free time; the reduction in heart failure risk was even greater in those who engaged in higher levels of physical activity than the recommended minimum. Heart failure can also be prevented by lowering high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and controlling diabetes. Also, remaining at the right weight and reducing obesity can help. Lowering salt, alcohol, quitting smoking, and lowering sugar intake may help.

Treatment

Treatment focuses on improving the symptoms and preventing the progression of the disease. Reversible causes of the heart failure also need to be addressed (e.g. infection, alcohol ingestion, anemia, thyrotoxicosis, arrhythmia, hypertension). Treatments include lifestyle and pharmacological modalities, and occasionally various forms of device therapy and rarely cardiac transplantation.

Everyday Life

Although it can be difficult living with a chronic condition like heart failure, many people learn to manage the symptoms – and enjoy full lives. People who report greater levels of improvement and emotional well-being often build new habits around eating better, tracking and managing their symptoms and exercising (as directed by your doctor)

Resources

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failure